Galerie de photos de Europe, satellite galiléen de la planète Jupiter

PIA01183: Europa Wedge Region	PIA01211: Pwyll Crater on Europa
PIA01212: Near-Terminator Image of Europa	$<h1>PIA01216: Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa and Similar Scales on Earth (Providence, RI)</h1><div class="PIA01216" lang="en" style="width:760px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">The top image is a very high resolution view of the Conamara Chaos region on Jupiter's moon Europa, showing an area where icy plates have been broken apart and moved around laterally. The top of this image is dominated by corrugated plateaus ending in icy cliffs over a hundred meters (a few hundred feet) high. Debris piled at the base of the cliffs. The bottom image is an aerial photograph of downtown Providence, Rhode Island at the same scale. The bright white circular feature in the top center of the Providence image is an indoor hockey rink, and one can find many craters in the Europa image about the same size. Blocks of debris which have fallen from the cliffs on the Europa image are about the same size as houses seen in the Providence image, and the largest blocks are almost as large as the Rhode Island state capitol building (large white building in upper left of Providence image). A fracture that runs horizontally across the center of the Europa image is about the same width as the freeway which runs along the bottom of the Providence image.<p>North is to the top right of the Europa image, and the sun illuminates the surface from the east. The Europa image is centered at approximately 9 degrees north latitude and 274 degrees west longitude. The images each cover an area approximately 1.7 kilometers by 4 kilometers (1 mile by 2.5 miles). The resolution is 9 meters (30 feet) per picture element. The Europa image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 900 kilometers (540 miles) by the solid state imaging system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01216" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01216: Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa and Similar Scales on Earth (Providence, RI) sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01216: Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa and Similar Scales on Earth (Providence, RI) sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01216: Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa and Similar Scales on Earth (Providence, RI)
$<h1>PIA01295: Europa Global Views in Natural and Enhanced Colors</h1><div class="PIA01295" lang="en" style="width:520px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>This color composite view combines violet, green, and infrared images of Jupiter's intriguing moon, Europa, for a view of the moon in natural color (left) and in enhanced color designed to bring out subtle color differences in the surface (right). The bright white and bluish part of Europa's surface is composed mostly of water ice, with very few non-ice materials. In contrast, the brownish mottled regions on the right side of the image may be covered by hydrated salts and an unknown red component. The yellowish mottled terrain on the left side of the image is caused by some other unknown component. Long, dark lines are fractures in the crust, some of which are more than 3,000 kilometers (1,850 miles) long.<p>North is to the top of the picture and the sun fully illuminates the surface. Europa is about 3,160 kilometers (1,950 miles) in diameter, or about the size of Earth's moon. The finest details that can be discerned are 25 kilometers across. The images in this global view were taken in June 1997 at a range of 1.25 million kilometers by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft, during its ninth orbit of Jupiter.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01295" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01295: Europa Global Views in Natural and Enhanced Colors sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01295: Europa Global Views in Natural and Enhanced Colors sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01295: Europa Global Views in Natural and Enhanced Colors	PIA01296: Europa "Ice Rafts" in Local and Color Context
$<h1>PIA01401: Scrambled Ice</h1><div class="PIA01401" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This complex area on the side of Europa which faces away from Jupiter shows several types of features which are formed by disruptions of Europa's icy crust. North is to the top of the image, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft, and the Sun illuminates the surface from the left. The prominent wide, dark bands are up to 20 kilometers (12 miles) wide and over 50 kilometers (30 miles) long. They are believed to have formed when Europa's icy crust fractured, separated and filled in with darker, "dirtier" ice or slush from below. A relatively rare type of feature on Europa is the 15-kilometer-diameter (9.3-mile) impact crater in the lower left corner. The small number of impact craters on Europa's surface is an indication of its relatively young age. A region of chaotic terrain south of this impact crater contains crustal plates which have broken apart and rafted into new positions. Some of these "ice rafts" are nearly 1 kilometer (about half a mile) across. Other regions of chaotic terrain are visible and indicate heating and disruption of Europa's icy crust from below. The youngest features in this scene are the long, narrow cracks in the ice which cut across all other features. One of these cracks is about 30 kilometers (18 miles) to the right of the impact crater and extends for hundreds of miles from the top to the bottom of the image.<p>The image, centered near 23 degrees south latitude and 179 degrees longitude, covers an area about 240 by 215 kilometers (150 by 130 miles) across. The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are about 460 meters (500 yards) across. The image was taken as Galileo flew by Europa on March 29, 1998. The image was taken by the onboard solid state imaging system camera from an altitude of 23,000 kilometers (14,000 miles).<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01401" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01401: Scrambled Ice sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01401: Scrambled Ice sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01401: Scrambled Ice	$<h1>PIA01403: A closer look at Chaos on Europa</h1><div class="PIA01403" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This mosaic of the Conamara Chaos region on Jupiter's moon, Europa, clearly indicates relatively recent resurfacing of Europa's surface. Irregularly shaped blocks of water ice were formed by the break up and movement of the existing crust. The blocks were shifted, rotated, and even tipped and partially submerged within a mobile material that was either liquid water, warm mobile ice, or an ice and water slush. The presence of young fractures cutting through this region indicates that the surface froze again into solid, brittle ice.<p>The background image in this picture was taken during Galileo's sixth orbit of Jupiter in February, 1997. Five very high resolution images which were taken during the spacecraft's twelfth orbit in December, 1997 provide an even closer look at some of the details. This mosaic shows some of the high resolution data inset into the context of this tumultuous region.<p>North is to the top of the picture, and the sun illuminates the scene from the east (right). The picture, centered at 9 degrees north latitude and 274 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 35 by 50 kilometers (20 by 30 miles). The finest details visible in the very high resolution insets are about 20 meters (22 yards) across, and in the background image, 100 meters (110 yards) across. The insets were taken on December 16, 1997, at ranges as close as 880 kilometers (550 miles) by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01403" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01403: A closer look at Chaos on Europa sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01403: A closer look at Chaos on Europa sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01403: A closer look at Chaos on Europa
PIA01404: Small Craters on Europa	PIA01405: A Dark Spot on Europa
$<h1>PIA01406: Topography within Europa's Mannann'an crater</h1><div class="PIA01406" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This three dimensional effect is created by superimposing images of Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, which were taken from slightly different perspectives. When viewed through red (left eye) and blue (right eye) filters, this product, a stereo anaglyph, shows variations in height of surface features.<p>This view shows the rim and interior of the impact crater Mannann'an, on Jupiter's moon Europa. The stereo image reveals the rim of the crater which appears as a tall ridge near the left edge of the image, as well as and numerous small hills on the bottom of the crater. One of the most striking features is the large pit surrounded by circular cracks on the right side of the image, with dark radiating fractures in its center.<p>The right (blue) image is a high resolution image (20 meters per picture element) taken through a clear filter. The left (red) image is composed of lower resolution (80 meters per picture element) color images taken through violet, green, and near-infrared filters and averaged to approximate an unfiltered view.<p>North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the scene from the east (right). The image, centered at 3 degrees north latitude and 120 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 18 by 4 kilometers (11 by 2.5 miles). The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are about 40 meters (44 yards) across. The images were taken on March 29th, 1998 at 13 hours, 17 minutes, 29 seconds Universal Time at a range of 1934 kilometers by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01406" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01406: Topography within Europa's Mannann'an crater sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01406: Topography within Europa's Mannann'an crater sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01406: Topography within Europa's Mannann'an crater	PIA01407: Europa Imaging Highlights during GEM
$<h1>PIA01503: Europa's Fractured Surface</h1><div class="PIA01503" lang="en" style="width:790px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>This image of Europa, smallest of Jupiter's four Galilean satellites, was acquired by Voyager 2 on July 9, 1979, from a (150,600 miles). Europa, the brightest range of 241,000 kilometers of the Galilean satellites, has a density slightly less than Io, suggesting it has a substantial quantity of water. Scientists previously speculated that the water must have cooled from the interior and formed a mantle of ice perhaps 100 kilometers thick. The complex patterns on its surface suggest that the icy surface was fractured, and that the cracks filled with dark material from below. Very few impact craters are visible on the surface, suggesting that active processes on the surface are still modifying Europa. The tectonic pattern seen on its surface differs drastically from the fault systems seen on Ganymede where pieces of the crust have moved relative to each other. On Europa, the crust evidently fractures but the pieces remain in roughly their original position.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01503" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01503: Europa's Fractured Surface sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01503: Europa's Fractured Surface sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01503: Europa's Fractured Surface	$<h1>PIA01504: Europa's Evening Terminator</h1><div class="PIA01504" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image of the Jovian moon Europa was taken by Voyager 2 the spacecraft passed within 225,000 kilometers. The area shown is about 600 by 800 kilometers, July 9, 1979, as (140,625 miles). and the smallest features visible are about 4 kllometers in size. This image was taken along the evening terminator, which best shows the surface topography of complex narrow ridges, seen as curved bright streaks, 5 to 10 kilometers wide, andAlso visible are dark bands, typically 100 kilometers in length. more diffuse in character, 20 to 40 kilometers wide and hundreds to thousands of kilometers in length. A few features are suggestive of impact craters but are rare, indicating that the surface thought to be dominantly ice is still active, perhaps warmed by tidal heating like Io. The larger icy satellites, Callisto and Ganymede, are evidently colder with much more rigid crusts and ancient impact craters. The complex intersecting of dark markings and bright ridges suggest that the surface has been fractured and material from beneath has welled up to fill the cracks.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01504" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01504: Europa's Evening Terminator sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01504: Europa's Evening Terminator sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01504: Europa's Evening Terminator
$<h1>PIA01523: Europa Linear Features from 246,000 kilometers</h1><div class="PIA01523" lang="en" style="width:790px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">The first close look ever obtained of Jupiter's satellite, Europa, was taken today, July 9, by Voyager 2 as the spacecraft approached the planet. The linear crack-like features had been seen from a much greater distance last March by Voyager 1. This picture was made at a range of 246,000 kilometers (152,000 miles) and provides a resolution of about four kilometers (2.5 miles). The complicated linear features appear even more like cracks or huge fractures in these images. Also seen are somewhat darker mottled regions which appear to have a slightly pitted appearance, perhaps due to small scale craters. No large craters (more than five kilometers in diameter) are easily identifiable in the Europa photographs to date, suggesting that this satellite has a young surface relative to Ganymede and Callisto, although not perhaps as young as Io's. Various models for Europa's structure will be tested during analysis of these images, including the possibility that the surface is a thin ice crust overlying water or softer ice and that the fracture systems seen are breaks in that crust. Resurfacing mechanisms such as production of fresh ice or snow along the cracks and cold glacier-like flows are being considered as possibilities for removing evidence of impact events. Europa thus appears to truly be a satellite with many properties intermediate between Ganymede and Io.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01523" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01523: Europa Linear Features from 246,000 kilometers sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01523: Europa Linear Features from 246,000 kilometers sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01523: Europa Linear Features from 246,000 kilometers	PIA01633: The Tyre multi-ring Structure on Europa
PIA01640: Mitten shaped region of Chaotic Terrain on Europa	PIA01641: Double Ridges, Dark Spots, and Smooth Icy Plains on Europa
PIA01642: Cracks and Ridges Distorted by Europan Fault Motion	PIA01643: A Record of Crustal Movement on Europa
PIA01644: San Andreas-sized Strike-slip Fault on Europa	PIA01645: The San Andreas Fault and a Strike-slip Fault on Europa
$<h1>PIA01646: Agenor Linea at High Resolution</h1><div class="PIA01646" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>Agenor Linea is an unusual feature on Jupiter's icy moon Europa since it is brighter than its surroundings while most of Europa's ridges and bands are relatively dark. During the Galileo spacecraft's 17th orbit of Jupiter, high resolution images were obtained of Agenor Linea near Europa's day/night boundary so as to emphasize fine surface details. This mosaic shows high resolution images embedded in slightly lower resolution images which were also acquired during the 17th orbit. The Galileo images show that Agenoris not a ridge, but is relatively flat. Its interior consists of several long bands, just one of which is the very bright feature known as Agenor. Each long band shows fine striations along its length. A few very small craters pockmark Agenor Linea and its surroundings. Agenor is cut by some narrow fractures, and by some small subcircular features called lenticulae. Rough chaotic terrain is visible at the top and bottom of this photo, and appears to be "eating away" at the edges of Agenor. Though previously it was suspected that Agenor Linea might be one of the youngest features on Europa, this new view shows that it is probably not.</p><p>North is to the upper right of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the east. The image, centered at 44 degrees south latitude and 219 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 130 by 95 kilometers (80 by 60 miles). The highest resolution images were obtained at a resolution of about 50 meters (165 feet) per picture element and are shown here in context at about 220 meters per picture element. The images were taken on September 26th, 1998 at ranges as close as 5000 kilometers (3100 miles) by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft.</p><p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.</p><p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL<a href="http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/" target="_blank">http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/</a>. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at URL<a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>."><a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>.</a></p><br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01646" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA01646: Agenor Linea at High Resolution sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA01646: Agenor Linea at High Resolution sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA01646: Agenor Linea at High Resolution	PIA01647: Agenor Linea in Color
PIA01653: Rugged Terrain on Europa	PIA01661: Large Impact Structures on Europa
PIA01662: Topography around Europa's Cilix crater	PIA01664: Three dimensional view of Double Ridges on Europa
PIA01665: Red-Blue Three dimensional view of Pwyll crater	PIA01970: Europa from 2,869,252 kilometers

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