Galerie de photos de Europe, satellite galiléen de la planète Jupiter

Jupiter_Europe_2.jpg	Jupiter_Europe_3.jpg
$<h1>PIA00016: Europa - Full Disk</h1><div class="PIA00016" lang="en" style="width:400px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This picture of Europa, the smallest Galilean satellite, was taken in the afternoon of March 4, 1979, from a distance of about 2 million kilometers (1.2 million miles) by Voyager 1. This face of Europa is centered at about the 300` meridian. The resolution of this picture of Europa is about the best that will be obtained by Voyager 1, but the second spacecraft will take much clearer photographs of this satellite in July. The bright areas are probably ice deposits while the darkened areas may be the rocky surface or areas with a more patchy distribution of ice. The most unusual features are the systems of long linear structures which cross the surface in various directions. Some of these linear structures are over a thousand kilometers long and about 2 or 3 hundred kilometers wide. They may be fractures or faults which have disrupted the surface. JPL manages and controls the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00016" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00016: Europa - Full Disk sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00016: Europa - Full Disk sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00016: Europa - Full Disk	PIA00275: Europa In Color
$<h1>PIA00291: Europa's Broken Ice</h1><div class="PIA00291" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">Jupiter's moon Europa, as seen in this image taken June 27, 1996 by NASA's Galileo spacecraft, displays features in some areas resembling ice floes seen in Earth's polar seas. Europa, about the size of Earth's moon, has an icy crust that has been severely fractured, as indicated by the dark linear, curved, and wedged-shaped bands seen here. These fractures have broken the crust into plates as large as 30 kilometers (18.5 miles) across. Areas between the plates are filled with material that was probably icy slush contaminated with rocky debris. Some individual plates were separated and rotated into new positions. Europa's density indicates that it has a shell of water ice as thick as 100 kilometers (about 60 miles), parts of which could be liquid. Currently, water ice could extend from the surface down to the rocky interior, but the features seen in this image suggest that motion of the disrupted icy plates was lubricated by soft ice or liquid water below the surface at the time of disruption. This image covers part of the equatorial zone of Europa and was taken from a distance of 156,000 kilometers (about 96,300 miles) by the solid-state imager camera on the Galileo spacecraft. North is to the right and the sun is nearly directly overhead. The area shown is about 360 by 770 kilometers (220-by-475 miles or about the size of Nebraska), and the smallest visible feature is about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) across. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00291" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00291: Europa's Broken Ice sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00291: Europa's Broken Ice sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00291: Europa's Broken Ice	$<h1>PIA00294: Europa's Active Surface</h1><div class="PIA00294" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">A newly discovered impact crater can be seen just right of the center of this image of Jupiter's moon Europa returned by NASA's Galileo spacecraft camera. The crater is about 30 kilometers (18.5 miles) in diameter. The impact excavated into Europa's icy crust, throwing debris (seen as whitish material) across the surrounding terrain. Also visible is a dark band, named Belus Linea, extending east-west across the image. This type of feature, which scientists call a 'triple band,' is characterized by a bright stripe down the middle. The outer margins of this and other triple bands are diffuse, suggesting that the dark material was put there as a result of possible geyser-like activity which shot gas and rocky debris from Europa's interior. The curving 'X' pattern seen in the lower left corner of the image appears to represent fracturing of the icy crust and infilling by slush which froze in place. The crater is centered at about 2 degrees north latitude by 239 degrees west longitude. The image was taken from a distance of 156,000 kilometers (about 96,300 miles) on June 27, 1996, during Galileo's first orbit around Jupiter. The area shown is 860 by 700 kilometers (530 by 430 miles), or about the size of Oregon and Washington combined. The Galileo mission is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00294" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00294: Europa's Active Surface sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00294: Europa's Active Surface sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00294: Europa's Active Surface
$<h1>PIA00295: Dark Bands on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00295" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">Dark crisscrossing bands on Jupiter's moon Europa represent widespread disruption from fracturing and the possible eruption of gases and rocky material from the moon's interior in this four-frame mosaic of images from NASA's Galileo spacecraft. These and other features suggest that soft ice or liquid water was present below the ice crust at the time of disruption. The data do not rule out the possibility that such conditions exist on Europa today. The pictures were taken from a distance of 156,000 kilometers (about 96,300 miles) on June 27, 1996. Many of the dark bands are more than 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) long, exceeding the length of the San Andreas fault of California. Some of the features seen on the mosaic resulted from meteoritic impact, including a 30- kilometer (18.5 mile) diameter crater visible as a bright scar in the lower third of the picture. In addition, dozens of shallow craters seen in some terrains along the sunset terminator zone (upper right shadowed area of the image) are probably impact craters. Other areas along the terminator lack craters, indicating relatively youthful surfaces, suggestive of recent eruptions of icy slush from the interior. The lower quarter of the mosaic includes highly fractured terrain where the icy crust has been broken into slabs as large as 30 kilometers (18.5 miles) across. The mosaic covers a large part of the northern hemisphere and includes the north pole at the top of the image. The sun illuminates the surface from the left. The area shown is centered on 20 degrees north latitude and 220 degrees west longitude and is about as wide as the United States west of the Mississippi River. The Galileo mission is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00295" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00295: Dark Bands on Europa sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00295: Dark Bands on Europa sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00295: Dark Bands on Europa	$<h1>PIA00325: Europa Crescent</h1><div class="PIA00325" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This mosaic of Europa, the smallest Galilean satellite, was taken by Voyager 2. This face of Europa is centered at about the 300 degree meridian. The bright areas are probably ice deposits, whereas the darkened areas may be the rocky surface or areas with a more patchy distribution of ice. The most unusual features are the systems of long linear structures that cross the surface in various directions. Some of these linear structures are over 1,000 kilometers long and about 2 or 3 kilometers wide. They may be fractures or faults which have disrupted the surface.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00325" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00325: Europa Crescent sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00325: Europa Crescent sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00325: Europa Crescent
PIA00366: Europa - Mosaic	$<h1>PIA00459: Europa During Voyager 2 Closest Approach</h1><div class="PIA00459" lang="en" style="width:704px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This color image of the Jovian moon Europa was acquired by Voyager 2 during its close encounter on Monday morning, July 9. Europa, the size of our moon, is thought to have a crust of ice perhaps 100 kilometers thick which overlies the silicate crust. The complex array of streaks indicate that the crust has been fractured and filled by materials from the interior. The lack of relief, any visible mountains or craters, on its bright limb is consistent with a thick ice crust. In contrast to its icy neighbors, Ganymede and Callisto, Europa has very few impact craters. One possible candidate is the small feature near the center of this image with radiating rays and a bright circular interior. The relative absence of features and low topography suggests the crust is young and warm a few kilometers below the surface. The tidal heating process suggested for Io also may be heating Europa's interior at a lower rate.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00459" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00459: Europa During Voyager 2 Closest Approach sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00459: Europa During Voyager 2 Closest Approach sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00459: Europa During Voyager 2 Closest Approach
PIA00502-bis.jpg	$<h1>PIA00502: Natural and False Color Views of Europa</h1><div class="PIA00502" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>This image shows two views of the trailing hemisphere of Jupiter's ice-covered satellite, Europa. The left image shows the approximate natural color appearance of Europa. The image on the right is a false-color composite version combining violet, green and infrared images to enhance color differences in the predominantly water-ice crust of Europa. Dark brown areas represent rocky material derived from the interior, implanted by impact, or from a combination of interior and exterior sources. Bright plains in the polar areas (top and bottom) are shown in tones of blue to distinguish possibly coarse-grained ice (dark blue) from fine-grained ice (light blue). Long, dark lines are fractures in the crust, some of which are more than 3,000 kilometers (1,850 miles) long. The bright feature containing a central dark spot in the lower third of the image is a young impact crater some 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. This crater has been provisionally named "Pwyll" for the Celtic god of the underworld.<p>Europa is about 3,160 kilometers (1,950 miles) in diameter, or about the size of Earth's moon. This image was taken on September 7, 1996, at a range of 677,000 kilometers (417,900 miles) by the solid state imaging television camera onboard the Galileo spacecraft during its second orbit around Jupiter. The image was processed by Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luftund Raumfahrt e.V., Berlin, Germany.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the Galileo mission home page on the World Wide Web at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00502" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00502: Natural and False Color Views of Europa sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00502: Natural and False Color Views of Europa sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00502: Natural and False Color Views of Europa
$<h1>PIA00518: Ridges on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00518" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This view of Jupiter's moon Europa shows a portion of the surface that has been highly disrupted by fractures and ridges. This picture covers an area about 238 kilometers (150 miles) wide by 225 kilometers (140 miles), or about the distance between Los Angeles and San Diego. Symmetric ridges in the dark bands suggest that the surface crust was separated and filled with darker material, somewhat analogous to spreading centers in the ocean basins of Earth. Although some impact craters are visible, their general absence indicates a youthful surface. The youngest ridges, such as the two features that cross the center of the picture, have central fractures, aligned knobs, and irregular dark patches. These and other features could indicate cryovolcanism, or processes related to eruption of ice and gases.<p>This picture, centered at 16 degrees south latitude, 196 degrees west longitude, was taken at a distance of 40,973 kilometers (25,290 mi) on November 6, 1996 by the Galileo spacecraft solid state imaging television camera onboard the Galileo spacecraft during its third orbit around Jupiter.<p>The Galileo mission is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the Galileo mission home page on the World Wide Web at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00518" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00518: Ridges on Europa sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00518: Ridges on Europa sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00518: Ridges on Europa	PIA00539: Jupiter's Icy Satellite Europa
PIA00540: Flows on Europa	$<h1>PIA00541: Macula on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00541" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image of Europa, an icy satellite of Jupiter about the size of the Earth's Moon, was obtained from a range of 7415 miles (11933 kilometers) by the Galileo spacecraft during its fourth orbit around Jupiter and its first close pass of Europa. The image spans 30 miles by 57 miles (48 km by 91 km) and shows features as small as 800 feet (240 meters) across. The large circular feature centered in the upper middle of the image is called a macula, and could be the scar of a large meteorite impact. The surface of Europa is composed mostly of water ice, so large impact craters on Europa could look different from large bowl-shaped depressions formed by impact into rock, such as on the Moon. On Europa's icy surface, the original impact crater has been modified into a central zone of rugged topography surrounded by circular fractures which reflect adjustments to stress in the surrounding icy crust.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the Galileo mission home page on the World Wide Web at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00541" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00541: Macula on Europa sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00541: Macula on Europa sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00541: Macula on Europa
PIA00542: Prominent Doublet Ridges on Europa	$<h1>PIA00543: Structurally Complex Surface of Europa</h1><div class="PIA00543" lang="en" style="width:621px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This is a composite of two images of Jupiter's icy moon Europa obtained from a range of 2119 miles (3410 kilometers) by the Galileo spacecraft during its fourth orbit around Jupiter and its first close pass of Europa. The mosaic spans 11 miles by 30 miles (17 km by 49 km) and shows features as small as 230 feet (70 meters) across. This mosaic is the first very high resolution image data obtained of Europa, and has a resolution more than 50 times better than the best Voyager coverage and 500 times better than Voyager coverage in this area. The mosaic shows the surface of Europa to be structurally complex. The sun illuminates the scene from the right, revealing complex overlapping ridges and fractures in the upper and lower portions of the mosaic, and rugged, more chaotic terrain in the center. Lateral faulting is revealed where ridges show offsets along their lengths (upper left of the picture). Missing ridge segments indicate obliteration of pre-existing materials and emplacement of new terrain (center of the mosaic). Only a small number of impact craters can be seen, indicating the surface is not geologically ancient.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the Galileo mission home page on the World Wide Web at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00543" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00543: Structurally Complex Surface of Europa sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00543: Structurally Complex Surface of Europa sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00543: Structurally Complex Surface of Europa
PIA00544: Ridges on Europa	$<h1>PIA00578: Europa Ice Floes</h1><div class="PIA00578" lang="en" style="width:630px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">Jupiter's moon Europa, as seen in this image taken June 27, 1996 by NASA's Galileo spacecraft, displays features in some areas resembling ice floes seen in Earth's polar seas. Europa, about the size of Earth's moon, has an icy crust that has been severely fractured, as indicated by the dark linear, curved, and wedged-shaped bands seen here. These fractures have broken the crust into plates as large as 30 kilometers (18.5 miles) across. Areas between the plates are filled with material that was probably icy slush contaminated with rocky debris. Some individual plates were separated and rotated into new positions. Europa's density indicates that it has a shell of water ice thicker than 100 kilometers (about 60 miles), parts of which could be liquid. Currently, water ice could extend from the surface down to the rocky interior, but the features seen in this image suggest that motion of the disrupted icy plates was lubricated by soft ice or liquid water below the surface at the time of disruption. This image covers part of the equatorial zone of Europa and was taken from a distance of 156,000 kilometers (about 96,300 miles) by the Solid-state Imaging Subsystem on the Galileo spacecraft. North is to the right and the sun is nearly directly overhead. The area shown is about 510 by 989 kilometers (310-by-600 miles), and the smallest visible feature is about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) across.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web Galileo mission home page at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at http:// www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00578" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00578: Europa Ice Floes sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00578: Europa Ice Floes sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00578: Europa Ice Floes
PIA00586: Pwyll Crater on Europa	PIA00587: Close-up of Europa's Trailing Hemisphere
$<h1>PIA00588: Europa Ridges, Hills and Domes</h1><div class="PIA00588" lang="en" style="width:635px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This moderate-resolution view of the surface of one of Jupiter's moons, Europa, shows the complex icy crust that has been extensively modified by fracturing and the formation of ridges. The ridge systems superficially resemble highway networks with overpasses, interchanges and junctions. From the relative position of the overlaps, it is possible to determine the age sequence for the ridge sets. For example, while the 8-kilometer-wide (5-mile) ridge set in the lower left corner is younger than most of the terrain seen in this picture, a narrow band cuts across the set toward the bottom of the picture, indicating that the band formed later. In turn, this band is cut by the narrow 2- kilometer-wide (1.2-mile) double ridge running from the lower right to upper left corner of the picture. Also visible are numerous clusters of hills and low domes as large as 9 kilometers (5.5 miles) across, many with associated dark patches of non-ice material. The ridges, hills and domes are considered to be ice-rich material derived from the subsurface. These are some of the youngest features seen on the surface of Europa and could represent geologically young eruptions.<p>This area covers about 140 kilometers by 130 kilometers (87 miles by 81 miles) and is centered at 12.3 degrees north latitude, 268 degrees west longitude. Illumination is from the east (right side of picture). The resolution is about 180 meters (200 yards) per pixel, meaning that the smallest feature visible is about a city block in size. The picture was taken by the Solid State Imaging system on board the Galileo spacecraft on February 20, 1997, from a distance of 17,700 kilometers (11,000 miles) during its sixth orbit around Jupiter.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington D.C. This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web Galileo mission home page at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00588" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image PIA00588: Europa Ridges, Hills and Domes sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image PIA00588: Europa Ridges, Hills and Domes sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>$ PIA00588: Europa Ridges, Hills and Domes	PIA00589: Mosaic of Europa's Ridges, Craters
PIA00590: Europa Triple Band	PIA00591: Europa Ice Rafts
PIA00592: Close-up of Europa's Surface	PIA00595: Icy Europa and similar scales on Earth
PIA00596: Close-up of Europa's Trailing Hemisphere and similar scales on Earth	PIA00597: Europa Ice Rafts and similar scales on Earth

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